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कम्प्यूटर क्या है? What is a Computer ?

कम्प्यूटर एक इलेक्ट्रोनिक उपकरण है जो डेटा लेता है उसे प्रोसेस करता है तथा एक अर्थयुक्त परिणाम हमें देता है. कम्प्यूटर अपनी उच्च संग्रह क्षमता, गति, स्वचालन, सक्षमता, शुद्धता, सार्वभोमिकता, विश्वसनीयता, याद रखनेकी शक्ति के कारण हमारे जीवन के हर क्षेत्र में महत्वपूर्ण होता जा रहा है.कम्प्यूटर में एक बार डेटा इनपुट करने केपश्चात उन्हें प्रोग्राम में दिये गये निर्देशों के द्वारा अलग अलग प्रकार के कार्यों के लिये अलग अलग परिणाम प्राप्तकिया जा सकता है.कम्प्यूटर द्वारा अधिक सूक्ष्म समय में अधिक तीव्र गति से गणनाएं की जा सकती हैकम्प्यूटरद्वारा दिये गये परिणाम अधिक शुद्ध होते है.

निष्कर्षत: कम्प्यूटर मुख्य कार्य करता है-

* इनपुट उपकरणों द्वारा डेटा लेना

* डेटा को मेमोरी में स्थानतरित करना

* डेटा को प्राप्त कर निर्देशों के द्वारा गणनाएं (Processing) करना.

* डेटा का विश्लेषण करना

* अंत में परिणामों को आउटपुट उपकरणों पर भेजनाकम्प्यूटर की पीढ़िया (Computer Generations)

वेज्ञानिकों ने कम्प्यूटर के इलेक्ट्रोनिक उपकरणों के आधार पर कम्प्यूटर जनरेशन को पांच भागों में बांटाहै.कम्प्यूटर की पहली पीढ़ी (First Generation Of Computer)इस जनरेशन के कम्प्यूटर्स में डायोड वाल्ववैक्यूम ट्यूब का प्रयोग किया गया.
इसमें दो इलैक्ट्रोड्स-कैथोड एवं एनोड होते थे, इसलिये इसे डायोड कहा गया.वाल्व होने के कारण इसे इलेक्ट्रोनिकस्वीच की भांति प्रयोग किया गया.
प्रथम इलेक्ट्रोनिक कम्प्यूटर (ENIAC) प्रथम पीढ़ी का कम्प्यूटर है। EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) सबसे पहला संग्रहित प्रोग्राम कम्प्यूटर था। UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
सबसे पहला ऐसा इलेक्ट्रोनिक कम्प्यूटर था जिसे व्यापारिक अनुप्रयोगों के लिए तैयार किया गया था.पहली पीढीके गुणइस जनरेशन में प्रोग्रामिंग मशीन और असेम्बली भाषा (Programming in Machine and Assembly Language) में की जाती थी, मशीन लेंग्वेज केवल 0 और 1 पर आधारित होती हैं. कम्प्यूटर के समझने योग्यभाषा जिसमें प्रोग्राम लिखा जाय कम्प्यूटर प्रोग्रामिंग भाषा कहलाती है.इस पीढ़ी के कम्प्यूटर में वैक्यूम ट्यूब काउपयोग किया गया था. ये लगातार विद्दूत के संवहन से गरम होने के कारण जल्दी खराब हो जाते थे. अत: वातानुकूलित इकाई में रखना जरुरी होता था. वैक्यूम ट्यूब आकार में बड़ी होती थी अत: इस पीढ़ी के कम्प्यूटर केआकार भी बड़े होते थे.इस पीढ़ी के कम्प्यूटर में इन्टरनल मेमोरी के रुप में मेग्नेटिक ड्रम का उपयोग किया जाताथा.प्रथम पीढ़ी के कम्प्यूटर का कार्य सीमित होता था.
कम्प्यूटर की दूसरी पीढ़ीद्वितीय पीढ़ी के कम्प्यूटरों में मुख्य तार्किक उपकरण वैक्यूम ट्यूब के स्थान परट्राजिस्टर(Transistor) का उपयोग किया गया. ट्राजिस्टर का कार्य वैक्यूम ट्यूब के समान था लेकिन इसकी कार्यकरने की गति अधिक थी तथा यह आकार में छोटा व अधिक विश्वसनीय था. ट्राजिस्टर वैक्यूम ट्यूब के स्थान परकम गरम होता था तथा विद्दुत की खपत भी कम होती थी.दूसरी पीढ़ी के कम्प्यूटर के गुणमेमोरी के लिए मेग्नेटिकड्रम के स्थान पर मेग्नेटिक कोर का प्रयोग हुआ.Secondary Storage संग्रह के लिये पंचकार्ड के अलावा मेग्नेटिकटेप और डिस्क का प्रयोग हुआ.इस पीढ़ी में हाई लेवल लेंग्वेज (High Level Language) का आविष्कार हुआ जैसेआदि. इस भाषा में सामान्य अंग्रेजी के अक्षरों का प्रयोग किया गया जो मशीनी भाषा मेंप्रोग्रामिंग करने के स्थान पर काफी सरल होते थे.ये प्रथम पीढ़ी के कम्प्यूटर से आकार में छोटे थे और संग्रहक्षमता और गति भी काफी अधिक थी.कम्प्यूटर की तीसरी पीढ़ी (Third Generation Of Computer)इस पीढ़ीके कम्प्यूटर में इलेक्ट्रानिक उपकरण के रुप में ट्रांजिस्टर के स्थान पर आई सी (Integrated Circuit) I.C. काउपयोग किया गया. एक IC में ट्राजिस्टर, रेजिस्टर कैपेसिटर तीनों ही समाहित हो गए. जिससे कम्प्यूटर काआकार अत्यंत छोटा होता गया.तीसरी पीढ़ी के गुणइस पीढ़ी के कम्प्यूटर में ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम का प्रयोग कियाजाने लगा, जिसके कारण कम्प्यूटर के आंतरिक कार्य स्वचालित हो गये.हाई लेवल लेंग्वेज में नई भाषाओं काविकास हुआ जैसे BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code).मिनी कम्प्यूटर काविकास हुआ जो आकार में काफी छोटे थे.Document बनाना तथा उन्हें प्रोसेस करना प्रारंभ हुआ.कम्प्यूटर कीचौथी पीढ़ी (Fourth Generation Of Computer)इस पीढ़ी में लार्ज स्केल आई.सी. (Large Scale Integrated Circuit) बनाना सम्भव हुआ. एक छोटे से चिप में लाखों ट्राजिस्टर समा गये. इस चिप को माइक्रोप्रोसेसर नामदिया गया।
माइक्रोप्रोसेसर युक्त कम्प्यूटर को माइक्रो कम्प्यूटर कहा जाने लगा. सबसे पहला माइक्रोकम्प्यूटर MITS नामककम्पनी ने बनाया.चौथी पीढ़ी के गुणमाइक्रो कम्प्यूटर के आकार को छोटे से छोटा करना, गति तेज और कम्प्यूटरसस्ते करना.कोर मेमोरी के स्थान पर अर्धचालक या सेमीकंडक्टर पदार्थ की मेमोरी का उपयोग हुआ. जो आकारमें छोटी और गति में तेज होती थी.नये -नये साफ्टवेयर का निर्माण हुआ. जैसे स्प्रेडशीट, एप्लीकेशन्स, डेटाबेस काकार्य करने के लिये सरल साफ्टवेयर तैयार किये गये.
पांचवी पीढी (Fifth Generation of computer)इस पीढ़ी के कम्प्यूटर में स्वयं सोचने की क्षमता पैदा की जा रहीहै. कम्प्यूटर को हर क्षेत्र में कार्य करने योग्य बनाया जा रहा है.इस पीढ़ी में सूचनाओं के आदान प्रदान के लिएकम्प्यूटर्स को जोड़कर नेटवर्क बनाया गया. जिसे इंटरनेट नाम दिया गया. दुनिया भर के कम्प्यूटर इंटरनेट से जुड़ेहै.माइक्रोकम्प्यूटर का आकार दिन प्रतिदिन छोटा होता जा रहा है. आज घड़ी के आकार का कम्प्यूटर भी बाजार मेंउपलब्ध है. कम्प्यूटर को आकार के कारण डेस्क टॉप, लैप टॉप, पाम टॉप नाम दिया गया.मल्टीमीडिया का विकासइसी पीढ़ी में हुआ. जिसमें ध्वनि (Sound), चित्र (Graphics), टेक्स्ट (Text) तथा एनीमेशन आदि सम्मिलित है.

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Created by: Deepak Sharma

Deepak Modgill

LOVE IS LIKE HEAVEN
BUT HURTS LIKE HELL


Relationship is like a book
It takes only few seconds to burn.
But it takes years to write
So write it with carefully,
And never let it burn...!!!



Good Friends are
hard to find,
harder to leave,
& impossible to forget.

इक कदम पुटेया ते दूजे दा फिकर ऐ
जिंदगी कुछ इस तरहां दे वादेयाँ दा सफर ऐ
पढ़दा - पढ़दा सो गया सी तू जिंदगी दी किताब नु
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---------> COMPUTER EDUCATION <--------

Notes by : Deepak Modgill

Introduction to Computers

The following topics will be covered…

What is a computer?.................................................................................... 2
Difference between software and hardware ................................................ 2
Using a keyboard......................................................................................... 2
Using the Mouse.......................................................................................... 2
Using a "desktop"........................................................................................ 3
Working with Windows .............................................................................. 3
What is an operating system?...................................................................... 3
Using folders & files ................................................................................... 4
Understanding the difference between Windows & Macs.......................... 4
Disk Size Conversion Chart ........................................................................ 5
Glossary of Basic Terms ............................................................................. 5

Notes by : Deepak Modgill
What is a computer?

A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory. These instructions tell the machine what to do. The computer is capable of accepting data (input), processing data arithmetically and logically, producing output from the processing, and storing the results for future use. Most computers that sit on a desktop are called "PCs," or personal computers.*

Difference between software and hardware
Notes by : Deepak Modgill
Software is the stuff that makes your computer do things for you. The computer without software would be like a home entertainment system with no tapes, CD's, or movies - you have the machine, but there's nothing to play on it. Software is continually developed. Each time the software maker(Microsoft, Adobe, Corel, etc) develops a new version of their software they assign it a version number. Before Microsoft Word 7, there was Microsoft Word 6.0.1, and before that Word 6.0. The larger the developments made to the software, the larger the version number changes. Usually a large change will result in a whole number upgrade; as mall change may result in a tenth of a decimal place. Hardware are those components or physical pieces that make up the computer. Hardware are those things you can touch. The previous page shows different pieces of the computer's hardware: monitor, speakers, mouse, CDROM, hard drive, keyboard, CPU, RAM, Processor, etc. Each piece plays a role in the operation of a computer.

Using a keyboard
Notes by : Deepak Modgill
The keyboard is one of the ways you can tell the computer what to do. It consists of the standard typewriter keys as well as a numeric keypad. You can use the keyboard to give the computer commands, as well as use it to name folders and files and type text in word processing documents.

Using the Mouse
Notes by : Deepak Modgill
The mouse is another way you can tell the computer what to do. The Mouse is used to move a small arrow pointer on the screen. By pointing and clicking you can carry out commands. The computer may ask you to verify that you are sure you want to rename a file, by clicking on the 'Ok' button.

* To clarify a common point of confusion: all desktop computers can be referred to as PCs, or personal computers. Over the years, however, the word PC has been used by some people to refer to Windows machines only. This has caught on slowly, but is not widespread. Thus, it is correct when you call a Mac a PC, but you may come across a few folks who think you are talking about a Windows machine.
The tip of the mouse pointer must be positioned on the item you want to use. To select an item, position the mouse pointer on the item and click once. Double-clicking on an icon invokes a command or launches an application. To drag an item (icon or other object) from one location to another, position the mouse pointer on the item, click and hold the mouse button down, and move the item to the new location. On Windows machines, there is a left and right mouse button. Most of the time you use the left mouse button (if you are right-handed). The right mouse button when clicked will display a contextual menu. On some newer Macs, the same feature can be used with their single mouse button by holding down the Control key as you click an item on the screen.

Using a "desktop"
Notes by : Deepak Modgill
The computer's interface uses a "desktop" metaphor. The desktop is the colored background you see on the screen when you start your computer. It is the place where you manipulate the work you are doing by handling icons, or little pictures that represent your files, folders, and disks.

Working with Windows

Working with “windows” gives you the ability to “look at” something. Itallows you to look into a document, or a folder, or a disk. To move a window on the screen, simply drag it around by its title bar.

What is an operating system?
Notes by : Deepak Modgill
When you use your computer you sit facing some of your computer hardware. Basic hardware consists of the keyboard and mouse, the screen you use to view your work, and the Central Processing Unit (CPU), which is the box that houses all the inner workings of the computer. You use computer applications (or software programs) when you create your spreadsheets, word processing documents and graphics. Some popular applications are Microsoft Excel, Word and PowerPoint. You cannot directly use computer applications with computer hardware. Instead, you need a translation system between the hardware and the applications. This translation system is called the operating system (OS). The Windows or Mac OS works "behind-the-scenes" to run your computer. It tells the computer what to do when it starts up and keeps track of your documents, files, and other software. It also provides the standard user interface component (like menus and the desktop) that you see when you look at your computer screen. Both the Windows and the
Mac OS operating systems use a graphical interface (pictures or icons instead of text) that allow you to immerse yourself in multitasking (accessing multiple applications and files simultaneously). You work with “windows” in this interface. These windows are a series of boxes, which can be opened and closed as needed.

Using folders & files

Your computer's hard drive is just like using a large filing cabinet. The draws are "folders", and the folders inside the drawers are "sub-folders". The information inside of the folders, or sub-folders is stored in "files". The files can be many types: word-processing, spreadsheet, database, graphic, etc. Typically, on your hard drive you may thousands of folders, sub-folders and files. An example of the hierarchical structure of a hard drive is shown below.

Understanding the difference between Windows & Macs
Notes by : Deepak Modgill
The personal computer industry has generally sorted itself out along the lines of two major operating systems: Mac and Windows. The Mac OS runs on CPUs made by Apple Computer. The Windows OS, made by Microsoft, runs on CPUs made by many different companies, but not Apple. Some of these companies are: IBM, Dell, Compaq, Gateway, Fujitsu, Sony, etc. When people talk about the differences between Windows and Macs, in general, they are expressing a personal preference about which operating system or hardware they believe to be superior.

Disk Size Conversion Chart

A Kilobyte or "byte" is equal to roughly 1000 ("K" stands for Kilo, which means one thousand).
So, if a file is 64k this means the file is about 65,000 bytes.
A floppy disk holds 1,400,000k.
1,000,000 bytes are equal to roughly 1 Megabyte, or "meg".
So, if you have 32M of memory, you have 32,000,000 bytes of memory.
1,000,000 Megabytes is equal to roughly 1 Gigabyte, or "gig". So, if you have a 6G Hard drive, you have enough storage to fit 6,000,000,000k.

Glossary of Basic Terms
Notes by : Deepak Modgill
Application
Another name for software, or program. Some common types of applications are word processors, spreadsheets, databases, etc.
Bug
A mistake, or unexpected occurrence in a piece of software or hardware.
Clipboard
The area of the Mac’s memory that holds what you last “cut” or “copied”. You can past the contents of your clipboard into documents.
Control Panel
An accessory that allows you to set things like how sounds, monitor backgrounds, and how fast the insertion point blinks.
CPU
The central processing unit is made up of circuitry and computer chips, which perform the computer’s calculations. The CPU is often what people call the box in which the all of the computer's circuitry is housed.
Desktop
The computer's interface uses a desktop metaphor. The desktop is the gray or colored background you see on the screen when you start you computer. It is the place where you do your work by handling icons, and working with pictures that represent your files, folders, and disks.
Email
Electronic Mail allows a computer user to send messages instantaneously to another user's electronic mailbox. To send an Email to someone, you must have their Email address - which may look something like: johnson@cwia.com – and you must be connected to a network.
Notes by : Deepak Modgill
File Menu
In all applications, the File menu contains commands for opening, saving,
printing and closing documents, quitting the application, etc.
Floppy Disk
A magnetic storage medium about 3.25 in size, which can be recorded, erased, and used over and over again. A Floppy Disk holds can hold 1.4Megabytes of information.
Hardware
The physical components of a computer system. Those things which you can touch. See page 4.
HardDrive
A rigid, usually non-removable disk, and/or the disk drive that houses it. Hard disks store much more data and access it much more quickly than floppy disks.
Internet
Established in the 1960s by the US government, the Internet was developed so that government agencies and universities could link research centers in response
the perceived notion that the Soviet Union was becoming more advanced in the space race. The Internet was created as a "de-centralized" network, meaning that there is no one place that makes up the Internet. This was done to make sure the Internet survived a nuclear war. Today, the Internet is a vast collection of e-mail, Usenet groups, FTP sites, and Web sites, with millions upon millions of users from around the world.
Launching
Opening an application.

Notes by : Deepak Modgill
Memory
The retention of information electronically, on chips. See a difference with Storage. There are two main types memory: RAM, which is used for the short term retention of information (until the power is turned off), and ROM, which is used store programs that are seldom changed.
Menu Bar
The horizontal area across the top of the screen that contains the menu titles.
Megahertz (MHz)
One million cycles per second. A unit of measurement to compare clock speed of computers. The higher the number, the faster the computer.
Modem
A device that adapts a computer to a voice communications (telephone) network. The modem converts the digital pulses from a computer to audio tones, which can be transmitted by a telephone system.
Networking
Two or more computers and associated devices (printers, etc) that are connected by communications hardwire (phone wire, network cable, satellite, etc).
OS( Operating System)
The basic software that controls a computer's operation.
Pasting
Inserting something into a document from the Clipboard by choosing Paste from the Edit menu.
RAM
A portion of memory that is set aside to act as a temporary disk. This is different from storage - see storage.
Reboot
To “reboot” means to restart the computer.
Server (Notes by : Deepak Modgill)
A computer that provides shared resources (files, applications, etc.) to network users.
Software
The instructions that tell a computer what to do. Also called programs or, applications.
Storage
The long-term retention of information magnetically (on disks or tapes) or optically (on CD ROMs). It persists after you turn your computer off. Compare
this with memory.
System folder
A standard folder on Mac hard drives that contains the System file, the Finder and other system software.
Zip Disk
Just like a floppy disk, except slightly thicker and more durable. A Zip Disk can hold up to 100Megabytes of information. This is convenient for working with large files, especially graphics.
Notes by : Deepak Modgill

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